![cocomo model implementation survey cocomo model implementation survey](https://img.yumpu.com/32692060/1/500x640/cocomo-ii-and-coqualmo-data-collection-questionnaire.jpg)
Many approaches for effort estimation were proposed in the past few decades, mainly to support managers and developers while performing software development tasks.
![cocomo model implementation survey cocomo model implementation survey](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00542-018-3871-9/MediaObjects/542_2018_3871_Fig1_HTML.gif)
The estimation of effort development can be briefly defined as a set of tasks that should be performed to create estimates, which are usually expressed in terms of hours or money. This article reports challenges worth investigating, regarding the use of cognitive load and team interaction. Our study benefits practitioners and researchers by providing a body of knowledge about the current literature, serving as a starting point for upcoming studies. Over 70% of the selected studies adopted multiple effort estimation approaches over 45% adopted evaluation research as a research method over 90% of the participants were students, rather than professionals most studies had their quality assessed as high, and were most commonly published in journals. In total, 120 primary studies were selected, analysed and categorised, after applying a careful filtering process from a sample of 3746 candidate studies to answer six research questions. A systematic mapping of the literature was designed and performed based on well-established practical guidelines. This article, therefore, presents a comprehensive overview of these approaches, and pinpoints research gaps, challenges and trends. Even though this field has a crucial impact on budgeting and project planning in industry, the number of works classifying and examining currently available approaches is still small. The field of software-development effort estimation explores ways of defining effort through prediction approaches. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution.IET Electrical Systems in Transportation.IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications.IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing.CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology.